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DeepEarlyNeolithicBronze AgeIron Age and ClassicalMedievalEarlyModern

Kaymakli Underground City

Lost and Buried City

Description

Kaymakli Underground City is a lost and buried city in Türkiye, Asia. UNESCO World Heritage List: Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia gives its chronology as “Phrygian origins, expanded in the Byzantine era.” UNESCO World Heritage List: Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia also records: “Refuge.”

A multi-level underground city carved into soft volcanic tuff.

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Iron Age and Classical — Kaymakli Underground City in context.

Iron Age and Classical, 1,200 BCE to 500 CEDates supported by mainstream archaeology. Natural formations remain undated.Timeline182282222444310264112911622913713613668191,000 BCE500 BCE0 CE
MaterialVolcanic tuffMohs 2-4 (mineral hardness scale)

Claims

Compare the published evidence and its interpretations. “Consensus” records the mainstream account; “Alternative” identifies a competing interpretation, not an equally established conclusion. Estimates and unresolved questions remain qualified in the claim text.

FieldConsensusAlternative
Date

800 BCE - 1200 CE

Phrygian origins, expanded in the Byzantine era

UNESCO World Heritage List: Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
No claims found.
Purpose

Refuge

UNESCO World Heritage List: Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
No claims found.
MethodNo claims found.No claims found.
Sources: UNESCO World Heritage List: Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia

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Approximate - counted from January 1, 200 CE (UTC). Based on the midpoint of 800 BCE - 1,200 CE; the underlying date is uncertain.

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