CodexMira
DeepEarlyNeolithicBronze AgeIron Age and ClassicalMedievalEarlyModern

Great Pyramid of Khufu

Monumental ConstructionContested

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The largest pyramid ever built, with granite roof beams in the King's Chamber raised more than 40 m above the base.

ContinentAfricaConfidence: estimated
Heaviest stone80tConfidence: estimated
Height146.6mConfidence: estimated
Lift height43mConfidence: estimated
MaterialLimestoneMohs 3-4 (mineral hardness scale)
QuarryAswan granite quarries (679.5km)calculated straight-line
QuarryTura limestone quarries (15.2km)calculated straight-line

Claims

FieldConsensusAlternative
Date

2600 BCE - 2560 BCE

c. 2600-2560 BCE, reign of Khufu

UNESCO World Heritage List #86

Star-alignment argument links the site plan to the sky of c. 10,500 BCE

Bauval and Gilbert (1994) • The Orion Mystery, 1994
PurposeNo claims found.
Method

Ramps, sledges and copper and stone tools

UNESCO World Heritage List #86
No claims found.

Precision & Alignment

alternativeAlignment

Giza layout mirrors the three stars of Orion's Belt

Bauval and Gilbert • The Orion Mystery, 1994
consensusAlignment

Sides aligned to true north within a small fraction of a degree

Spence, Nature, 2000
consensusPrecision

Base level to within about 2 cm across 230 m

Petrie survey; Lehner, The Complete Pyramids

Related Wonders at Giza Plateau

Sources: Petrie survey; Lehner, The Complete Pyramids • Spence, Nature, 2000 • The Orion Mystery, 1994 • UNESCO World Heritage List #86

Bronze Age — Great Pyramid of Khufu in context.

Bronze Age, 3,300 BCE to 1,200 BCEDates supported by mainstream archaeology. Natural formations remain undated.TimelineCarnac stones, 4,500 BCE - 3,300 BCEStone vessels of the Step Pyramid, 3,500 BCE - 2,650 BCEStep Pyramid of Djoser, 2,670 BCE - 2,650 BCE3Pyramid of Menkaure, 2,530 BCE - 2,500 BCESilbury Hill, 2,470 BCE - 2,350 BCEStonehenge, 3,000 BCE - 1,520 BCEMohenjo-daro, 2,500 BCE - 1,900 BCEPavlopetri, 3,000 BCE - 1,100 BCENebra sky disc, 1,800 BCE - 1,600 BCEUnfinished Obelisk, 1,479 BCE - 1,458 BCELateran Obelisk, 1,425 BCE - 1,390 BCEAbu Simbel, 1,264 BCE - 1,244 BCE3Pavlopetri3,000 BCE2,500 BCE2,000 BCE1,500 BCE

Calculating elapsed time...

Approximate - counted from January 1, 2,580 BCE (UTC). Based on the midpoint of 2,600 BCE - 2,560 BCE.

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